Resources
Syllabus topics and reading for each national round. Past papers are linked to the official olympiad websites. We never copy them.
Syllabus topics
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Semantics
- Writing systems
- Number systems
Recommended reading
- Past IOL problems and solutions, ioling.org
- Language Files, Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University
Every past IOL problem set, with solutions, is published on the IOL website.
Official IOL website ↗Syllabus topics
- Geology
- Meteorology
- Oceanography
- Astronomy
- Environmental science
Recommended reading
- Earth Science, Tarbuck & Lutgens
- Past IESO theory and practical papers
Past IESO theory and practical papers are available on the IESO website.
Official IESO website ↗Syllabus topics
- Celestial mechanics
- Spherical astronomy
- Stellar physics
- Coordinate systems
- Telescope optics
Recommended reading
- Fundamental Astronomy, Karttunen et al., and comparable introductory astrophysics texts
- Observational star maps
Official past contest papers are published on the IAO web portal.
Official IAO website ↗Syllabus topics
- Physical geography
- Human geography
- Climate and environment
- Maps and GIS
- Fieldwork
Recommended reading
- Geography: An Integrated Approach, David Waugh
- Past iGeo tests, geoolympiad.org
Past written, multimedia and fieldwork tests are published on the iGeo website.
Official iGeo website ↗Syllabus topics
- Ethics
- Epistemology
- Metaphysics
- Political philosophy
- Aesthetics
Recommended reading
- Think, Simon Blackburn
- The Problems of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell
- Past IPO topics and essays, philosophy-olympiad.org
Past IPO quotations and winning essays are published on the IPO website.
Official IPO website ↗Syllabus topics
- Ancient history
- Medieval history
- Modern history
- World history
- Historical geography
Recommended reading
- The Penguin History of the World, J. M. Roberts
- History Bee and Bowl practice questions
Sample History Bee and Bowl questions are available from International Academic Competitions.
Official IHO website ↗Syllabus topics
- Sets and set operations
- Propositional logic
- Relational logic
- Logical puzzles
- Applied logic
Recommended reading
- Introduction to Logic, Stanford University (intrologic.stanford.edu)
- ILO sample questions
Sample questions and exam structure are published on the ILO website.
Official ILO website ↗Syllabus topics
- Combinatorics
- Number theory
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Mathematical research
Recommended reading
- The ITYM 2027 problem set (released 7 October 2026)
- Past ITYM problems, itym.org
The 2027 problems and past ITYM problem sets are published on the ITYM website.
Official ITYM website ↗